Status of Women committee  You're the qualitative person. I will pass that to my qualitative research colleague.

Status of Women committee  I think employers can examine their hiring policies, they have to engage in training their HR staff, and they have to make sure they are taking positive measures. The problem is that employers have a lot of things to do. They have a lot of obligations. Really, what would be most

Status of Women committee  Again, because this data is at a higher level of aggregation, it doesn't have that detailed breakdown by occupation that would provide us with that kind of information. We stepped back and said that we would look at the combination of these factors: the interaction of racism and

Status of Women committee  That's absolutely the question we're looking at here. It's when you are looking at people who have credentials who are facing this discrimination in the labour market. We're looking at systemic solutions. It's very important for those women who have had those opportunities, who a

Status of Women committee  Grace-Edward is talking about research around gender. There's something similar around racialization where identical resumés were sent to jobs, and people with white-sounding names were much more likely to get interviews than people who had.... I think there was a focus on Asian

Status of Women committee  When you look at recent immigrants, you see that there is an even higher ratio than for racialized workers, but I think if you turn back to that slide that shows first, second, third, and higher-generation racialized immigrants, I think we're trying to point out that there is a t

Status of Women committee  My apologies, because we should probably have started with that. The definition is based on what we have from Statistics Canada. What we have from Statistics Canada is a variable called “visible minority”, which is based on the federal employment equity legislation. I have a fo

Status of Women committee  The visible minority status is self-reported and refers to the visible minority group to which the respondent belongs. The Employment Equity Act defines visible minorities as persons other than aboriginal people who are non-Caucasian in race, or non-white in colour. The census re

Status of Women committee  We based all of this analysis on the labour market share. While it's grown since then, as I say, this is based on—

Status of Women committee  I have with me general populations from 2006. It's 16.2% of the total population in 2006. Grace-Edward, do you have the 2011 numbers?

Status of Women committee  So call it about—

Status of Women committee  It's “tenish”.

Status of Women committee  I think sometimes in these comparisons you compare people who are working full-time for a full year and add controls for some of those variables. I think when we think about the impact of racism, we have to really step back. It has an impact on the educational choices that people

Status of Women committee  Okay, I'm sorry about that.

Status of Women committee  Those are at a very high level of aggregation, so this isn't identifying the women who are engineers. In particular, in one of those categories you discussed, you could have a lot of clerical workers included in there. That's one of the limitations of this high level of aggregati