Natural Resources committee  I would argue that at the start, we need to test different technologies. We don't have an economically viable solution today for space heating that is low carbon. I would argue that we need to be increasing the carbon taxes on the fuels we use for space heating. We should be en

Natural Resources committee  I'm a biologist by trade. Between 1998 and 2008, I set up and ran the BIOCAP Canada Foundation. It was all about biological solutions to climate change. I was very supportive of biofuels at that time because you could drop in fuels and they could result in incremental movement to

Natural Resources committee  Initially, probably most of the focus...You have to look at the entire value chain. You have to put public money and attract private money to support different links in this value chain. Like any chain, it's only as strong as the weakest link. One of the weakest links in the prob

Natural Resources committee  We've done a lot of analysis of this. I'm happy to send reports to the committee, if you'd like. The life-cycle emissions are about 10 kilograms to 12 kilograms of CO2 for every kilogram of hydrogen. That is grey hydrogen. That is produced from natural gas and just releasing the

Natural Resources committee  No, not really blended in terms of with oil, but blended with gas is a possibility with natural gas. You can put the hydrogen into distribution networks to decarbonize natural gas. The economics of that aren't as good—

Natural Resources committee  I would tend to agree largely with what Mark said, although I think we also have to look at the capability, actually what's capable that we can achieve. For example, if we're going to move to electricity, especially in colder regions of Canada, once it gets below about -15°C, h

Natural Resources committee  I think one of the things is to define the characteristics of what makes a viable hub. Our focus in what we're doing is on making sure that any public investment is focused on capital investment and not operational investment. When the public investment stops, one has an economic

Natural Resources committee  When you look at climate change you see it's about how long the gas lasts in the atmosphere. Certainly, burning hydrogen, burning fossil fuels, all puts water into the atmosphere. The time for water in the atmosphere is about two to three weeks, and then it rains out. What we're

Natural Resources committee  Yes. It's actually quite interesting. I studied that 20 years ago and did quite a bit of work on that. Hydrogen is actually pulled out of the atmosphere by soil microorganisms. Essentially, the hydrogen exists in only half a part per million in the atmosphere. When you double hy

Natural Resources committee  Absolutely. I think we should let the market decide, but also some of the producers of blue hydrogen are looking for some subsidies for carbon capture and storage. I would argue you need to go and look at the green hydrogen to make sure we haven't tilted the playing field against

Natural Resources committee  I think what we're looking at here is an opportunity to piggyback on some of our existing infrastructure. Today across Canada we already make, mostly from natural gas, about 8,000 tonnes of hydrogen every day. We can actually piggyback off of that to, first of all, get the compan

Natural Resources committee  I think it's actually quite a large market, potentially equal in size, according to our calculations, to the domestic market we have for hydrogen, just as today we export as much oil as we consume in Canada. The hydrogen could be exported as liquid hydrogen or compressed hydroge

Natural Resources committee  Absolutely. We could certainly export fuel cells. In terms of attracting international investment, a lot of companies around the world are interested in making hydrogen vehicles. We make fuel cells. Those fuel cells could go into those vehicles. We may actually be able to attra

Natural Resources committee  I think we should preferably get away from the colours and focus on the carbon intensity. That's the factor that we want. We want low life-cycle carbon intensity. I would argue that—and this is happening around the world—standards are being developed and defined for the carbon i

Natural Resources committee  Certainly. I think the Canadian hydrogen strategy that came out just before Christmas identifies a lot of very specific recommendations. We certainly had a lot of input into that, but we weren't the authors of it. I would point you to that. In terms of specific things that are