Industry committee  It comes from a couple of places. The first place is the Copyright Board decision in the elementary/secondary school sector. There were 380 million pages copied there per year.

Industry committee  A study was done.

Industry committee  Yes, absolutely.

Industry committee  A study was done and that's where the 380 million came from. Of that 380 million, the Copyright Board concluded that 60% of that is fair dealing, and therefore not compensable.

Industry committee  The remaining 40% is compensable. So, in fact, there were 150 million pages that still need to be compensated, but the ministers of education are still refusing to pay that. They're claiming the whole thing under fair dealing, even the amount that the Copyright Board said had to

Industry committee  Outstanding payments that they're claiming fair dealing on, 380 million pages in total for elementary/secondary. In the post-sec sector, we did a study on York University. In that case, as a result of the study that looked at the copies loaded on learning management systems and

Industry committee  When you use all of that data, on a conservative end, you end up with 600 million pages that have been copied and not paid for. These are copies that are not licensed, nor have transactional licences been obtained for them that are not available under open access licences.

Industry committee  Yes.

Industry committee  Yes. No, absolutely.

Industry committee  It's hard to tell because we had historical data about what used to be copied, at least part of what used to be copied because before 2013, when they stopped paying, in the post-secondary level they would report to us all copies that were made and included in course packs, in pap

Industry committee  In that context, 360 pages per student per year were copied.

Industry committee  Based on what I heard in their testimonies—and they're in a better position to tell you how much they spend—they are increasing spending on journal articles. This is research material, by and large, not instructional material.

Industry committee  The material that tends to get copied and used in class for instruction is different from the material that is used for research. That's where you get the science, technical, and medical journal publishers. The five big multinational publishers are in that category. The licences

Industry committee  If I may, I've been at Access Copyright for 17 years. I've been there, in a way, through this whole process, and what I'm going to express is my personal view of what has happened through the years. The Copyright Modernization Act took 15 years. For 15 years the parties came be

Industry committee  I think that's a hypothetical, and I can't really answer a hypothetical, especially when it involves suing someone. In answer to the switch from paper to digital, I think it's important to note that both the Access Copyright licence and the Copibec licence covers a reproduction