Citizenship and Immigration committee  Thank you for that very good question. To put this in appropriate context, each department has a program activity architecture. We are, with Treasury Board guidance, able to then outline for public consumption, and for parliamentarians in particular, our various lines of business down to what we call activity level or subactivity level.

Citizenship and Immigration committee  This priority was first introduced with the PAA in 2011, and it was renewed in 2013-14. I would say that we have always tried to use best available evidence in developing our policy and programs, but the PAA rigour and the performance measurement strategy, the data strategy underneath, now brings a comprehensive coverage to our range of programs, which might not necessarily have been the case in the past.

Citizenship and Immigration committee  We have done a fair bit of work on that, but I do not believe we have those exact figures to hand. However, we will be pleased to forward them to the clerk as soon as possible. I can say, however, that Canada is in good shape relative to competitor countries such as the United States, Australia, New Zealand and the United Kingdom.

Citizenship and Immigration committee  Whether or not it's full cost recovery?

Citizenship and Immigration committee  We have done some work there as well and we would be able to share the results of that with the committee through the clerk.

Citizenship and Immigration committee  I can respond, Mr. Chair. I think as we come up on the one-year anniversary of the implementation of the new system, we have a good set of numbers behind the results we've seen to date. Through the major reforms, we introduced timelines to ensure that individuals were being heard at the IRB at the first level within specific time periods.

Citizenship and Immigration committee  I think as we look at the possibility for organized crime and migrant smuggling, that could perhaps present a very easy option for those types of activities to take place.

Citizenship and Immigration committee  Absolutely. Our experience with irregular migration arrivals is that people are willing to pay a good sum of money to hop on a boat to come to Canada under very perilous conditions. If they could through a bond process actually be issued a document to come forward, if they have no intention to leave, that would certainly be a more attractive option.

Citizenship and Immigration committee  I think our colleagues would say that the level of service and the administrative burden that an appeal process places on the client is not helpful. I don't want to put words in their mouths, but I think that in both the U.K. and Australia the appeal system has room to improve. In the next week or so, changes to the appeal process are expected to come into place.

Citizenship and Immigration committee  I would say it's a bit of both, and I'm sure that Bob could supplement my commentary. We've seen fraudulent documents purporting to have been issued by the University of Toronto, for example, and certainly U of T is not aware of that. Some counterfeiters are very good at reproducing documentation outside of Canada, and people are not hesitant to bring that information forward as part of an application.

Citizenship and Immigration committee  Unfortunately we do have issues with our regulatory regime now, which we are moving to fix through this package. We don't actually compel, under the regulations, an individual to attend classes to remain a student in good standing. We know that is a significant loophole and a threat to program integrity that we're moving to close.

Citizenship and Immigration committee  We will work with the Royal Canadian Mounted Police when it comes to biometrics. The RCMP will store all the data and establish a connection with other agencies to determine what information is available on a given individual.

Citizenship and Immigration committee  Yes.

Citizenship and Immigration committee  Are you talking about biometrics?

Citizenship and Immigration committee  Are you talking about electronic visas or biometrics?