Procedure and House Affairs committee  Some.

Procedure and House Affairs committee  People think it's easy. It's very hard.

Procedure and House Affairs committee  That's right.

Procedure and House Affairs committee  Thank you for inviting me to once again address what I have characterized as the most astonishing urban legend in Canadian public policy in the 35 years that I've studied public policy. This urban legend claims that large, significant, or substantial numbers of Canadians lack any ID whatsoever, thereby disenfranchising them from voting.

Procedure and House Affairs committee  I haven't done research. That's why I said at the beginning that I was going to talk about vouching. I have a personal view, but it isn't backed up by evidence. I just know that in our country we do separate.... The crown is separate from the police; I have worked with the police in the past and I've published on that.

Procedure and House Affairs committee  Yes. I'm saying there are multiple digital identity systems in Canada. Think of them as intersecting Venn diagrams. There are these multiple circles. One is called a bank account, one is called a credit card, and one is called a health card, and they intersect. When you add them up and look at the part in the middle where they all meet, I suggest and propose to you that there are zero Canadians with zero digital identity.

Procedure and House Affairs committee  My answer would be, then, they're not using health care, and I just cannot imagine not being able to use health care in this country. You must have a photo ID health care card. We don't have private health care in this country because we don't have two tier, so the only way you can access health care is to use your health care card.

Procedure and House Affairs committee  I want to qualify: I haven't looked at this, but I am working on a paper arguing that the model should be like the Competition Bureau and the Competition Tribunal. They should be completely separate: the one side that investigates and the other side that determines or adjudicates.

Procedure and House Affairs committee  Yes. I was only given five minutes.

Procedure and House Affairs committee  I think that youth probably have more ID than anybody else. They're on Facebook; they're on everything else. I just want to mention that I only had five minutes so I could only present a thin amount of what I found. I went through very large numbers of institutions in Canadian society.

Procedure and House Affairs committee  Yes. Thank you for inviting me. I'm an assistant professor in the Sprott School of Business. Tonight I'm only going to address the issue of vouching, digital identity, and risk management. I'm going to narrow in on that as it is in reality a debate concerning identification policies and risk management practices of large public and private institutions in a modern complex society and the extensiveness and pervasiveness of these multiple overlapping personal digital identification systems.