Finance committee  It's an excellent question. I think Julien mentioned that Canada doesn't get a specific ranking with a numerical value. We're evaluated on two areas under the Financial Action Task Force. We're evaluated on our technical compliance. There are about 40 recommendations against which Canada is evaluated.

Finance committee  That's an excellent question. Canada, as we have said, has a very strong legal framework. In one of the areas in our 2021 report where we were re-evaluated on some of the technical compliance, our ranking changed with respect to our coverage of non-profit organizations. The standards with which Canada was evaluated in 2015 changed as FATF continued to evolve where they saw risks—

Finance committee  It became more stringent, yes, so Canada's evaluation was lowered in our 2021 evaluation with respect to our obligations on non-profit organizations.

Finance committee  That's an excellent question. I would answer it this way. The enforcement landscape involves investigations, laying charges, prosecutions and depriving criminals of the proceeds of their crimes. It's a spectrum of actions that need to work together. When we look at effective enforcement and how we can improve that, we try to see how we can improve each one of those elements and create a stronger framework to achieve more prosecutions and charges and to deprive criminals of the proceeds of crime.

Finance committee  I can say pretty simply that the answer to that is yes. I will start with the whistle-blower protections. One of the things we introduced very recently was new whistle-blower protections under the PCMLTFA to ensure that those who are reporting to FINTRAC have protections similar to those that already exist under the Criminal Code.

Finance committee  Thank you. That's an excellent question. What I would add is that Canada is a member of the Financial Action Task Force, which is an international money laundering standard-setter and the body that undertakes peer reviews of all countries around the world on how they're meeting their money laundering and terrorist financing standards.

Finance committee  We certainly have recognized those and are committed to addressing and looking at all of those issues.

Finance committee  Thank you.

Finance committee  Thank you very much. I'm pleased to answer that question. As we mentioned, there are several provisions in the bill that speak to information sharing, but those are focused within the government institutions. The safe harbour provision would apply to private-to-private information sharing.

Finance committee  That has not happened, but that too is an issue that the government is looking at and is exploring as part of the parliamentary review. It should be part of the consultation document. The government in budget 2023 did commit to addressing all of the Cullen commission recommendations that pertain to the federal government and the federal regime.

Finance committee  —because it is a provincial commission.

Finance committee  That's an excellent question. The standards are established through a multilateral body and through negotiation among various jurisdictions. The standards are ones that all jurisdictions seek to achieve, but not all jurisdictions are able to meet the obligations in the same way across the board.

Finance committee  To my understanding, there are two separate commitments there. One is related to the administration of the act. Those penalties are to try to promote compliance with the act so that our reporting entities contribute to fighting financial crimes across the country. There are also criminal penalties for criminal violations of the compliance components.

Finance committee  I would prefer to come back to you on that.

Finance committee  The Government of Canada takes anti-money laundering and anti-terrorist financing very seriously and looks at it from both the domestic perspective and international perspective. The Financial Action Task Force, which is the international body that creates the standards for international anti-money laundering and anti-terrorist financing regimes, evaluated Canada most recently in 2016 and then we were updated in 2021.