Public Safety committee  I would echo those comments. Education is key. The CSIS annual report, NSICOP report and SIRC reviews are meant to educate on this threat, but frontline education in dealing with people is the number one most effective way in the irony of this space. On IMVEs, most of the abhorrent material is actually domestically produced, so I would say education is key.

Public Safety committee  Go ahead, Mike.

Public Safety committee  I will remove it, Mr. Chair.

Public Safety committee  Like our RCMP colleagues, we have absolutely seen more of this. We have become very alive to some of the mental health indicators that allow us to make better assessments at the front end in terms of what we can or should be doing from an investigative perspective. A lot of our work involves dealing with community members who might be better served to pre-emptively deal with individuals, rather than provoking investigative authorities from CSIS.

Public Safety committee  I apologize if I misspoke on that, but that's not what I said. I think what I said was that not all people in that group are violent. There certainly absolutely are, and he represents one of those individuals, for sure, so I totally agree. Once they mobilize to that level of violence, absolutely that is meeting our threshold from a CSIS perspective.

Public Safety committee  Incel is not. Dom, I'll have to defer to you, but they are not a listed terrorist entity, if memory serves me.

Public Safety committee  I'm not sure who is up.

Public Safety committee  I would very much agree with that and add that, from our perspective, getting out into the communities and educating people as to what that looks like and what people should be advising the police is extremely important. This committee and the work you're doing is also very beneficial in getting the word out and showing people that the government is taking this issue seriously.

Public Safety committee  Thank you for the question. I would say that the traditional organizations had a lot longer to get organized. Therefore, they are able to do that a lot more frequently and in a sustained fashion. Given the fluidity that I described of the IMVE threat and the not so much connective tissue with the various individuals there, I would say the RMVE methodology is probably still very tried and true.

Public Safety committee  Thank you for your question. The service is actively involved and engaged with the military on IMVE and all other manners of threat activity. What I can say is that, if there's an individual within the military who meets our threshold to investigate or engage our TRM authority, just because they're in the military won't stop us from doing our job.

Public Safety committee  While I can't get into specific investigative activities or files, I can say that, globally, the IMVE phenomenon has increased. In every pocket of society, we're seeing more of that activity. I think it might be natural that we're seeing that in that area as well, and we're actively engaged in dialogue with our DND colleagues.

Public Safety committee  When we look at groups such as incels, involuntary celibates, that ideology bears many of the hallmarks of many more traditionally recognized ideologies, from our perspective. Incels belong to a misogynistic community of males. They, like most others, associate primarily through online platforms.

Public Safety committee  I can start. Foreign interference is one of the most important strategic threats to Canada's national security. The CSIS director has mentioned this at numerous venues. It undermines Canadian sovereignty, our national interests and specifically our values. It is a very complex threat.

Public Safety committee  It's a very good question. It's a complicated question. If I go back in time to when we still had the nomenclature of right-wing extremism and we had the attacks in Quebec and some other attacks.... At that time, just for context, we were dealing, in 2014, with the attacks against Parliament Hill and a lot of other attacks that fit more into the religiously motivated violent extremism category.

Public Safety committee  There are many factors to that, in answering your question, but one of the factors is that there's no common ideology that binds these groups. They come from very different vectors of society. They have different personal grievances. They come together for one specific purpose and then they diffuse again and go elsewhere.