Transport committee  I think having a plan is a beginning. I think the fact is, though, that asking port authorities to develop a plan from scratch, when they have the major preoccupations of secure trade and supply networks as well as just efficient operations, is a little too much. Also, those examples exist and those policy approaches as well as the law and the targets exist.

Transport committee  Sure. The IMO is starting with a 10% clean fuel standard by 2030, so we know we can move quickly there. Like I said, on domestic vessels and nearshore harbour craft, we can move to electric day over night. It takes about a four-month building season depending on the size of the vessel.

Transport committee  In a sense, I don't want to actually dwell on intensity-based targets and absolute emissions targets. Arguably, reducing GHG intensity is just a way to get to absolute reductions. The fact of the matter is that we have to hold global warming below 1.5°C. In order to do that, we've translated our emissions into targets at an international level.

Transport committee  It has to be tonnes of reduction, period, so it's absolute reductions. Like I was saying, intensity can be one step on the way, but we have to go to absolute. We have to get to zero emissions, and there are technologies out there that major companies.... The port of Antwerp-Bruges, for example, is a multi-fuel bunkering facility with zero emitting fuel, so it can be done, and we need to get there.

Transport committee  Yes. Thank you. The port of Vancouver, as many of you know, is the busiest port in Canada. There are three or four that are of the scale of those ports, but people have their eyes on the development of traffic going into future ports, and you're right, inasmuch as ports are a linchpin up and down the supply chain.

Transport committee  What Bill C-33 proposes now is that port authorities individually go away to develop GHG targets. That doesn't make a lot of sense when every other economic sector or certainly the vast majority of economic industrial sectors in Canada are subject to the Canadian Net-Zero Emissions Accountability Act that you reference.

Transport committee  Thank you so much, Member. I think I left off on agreeing with other witnesses on the importance of large-scale investment. I was going to say that the Inflation Reduction Act in the United States has invested $3 billion over four years to support their clean ports program. We understand that Transport Canada has a $165-million program in development over seven years.

Transport committee  Thank you.

Transport committee  Thank you. Good evening, members, and thanks for this opportunity. My name is Amy Nugent. I'm the associate director for marine climate action with Oceans North. Oceans North is a Canadian charitable organization and world-leading ENGO that supports marine conservation and climate action in partnership with indigenous communities and coastal communities.