As to emergency services for first nations, I think the fundamental problem was identifying roles and responsibilities, who is responsible for what, and at the end, what it came down to was that the department is in very much a reactive mode. The fundamental that needs to be fixed is making sure that everybody understands who is responsible for what.
The department has agreements in place with some provinces, but not with all provinces. The agreements that they have in place with some of the provinces do not cover all of the first nations in those provinces. It really comes down to defining who is responsible for what.