Combatting Hate Act

An Act to amend the Criminal Code (hate propaganda, hate crime and access to religious or cultural places)

Sponsor

Sean Fraser  Liberal

Status

In committee (House), as of Oct. 1, 2025

Subscribe to a feed (what's a feed?) of speeches and votes in the House related to Bill C-9.

Summary

This is from the published bill. The Library of Parliament has also written a full legislative summary of the bill.

This enactment amends the Criminal Code to, among other things,
(a) repeal the requirement that the Attorney General consent to the institution of proceedings for hate propaganda offences;
(b) create an offence of wilfully promoting hatred against any identifiable group by displaying certain symbols in a public place;
(c) create a hate crime offence of committing an offence under that Act or any other Act of Parliament that is motivated by hatred based on certain factors;
(d) create an offence of intimidating a person in order to impede them from accessing certain places that are primarily used for religious worship or by an identifiable group for certain purposes; and
(e) create an offence of intentionally obstructing or interfering with a person’s lawful access to such places.

Elsewhere

All sorts of information on this bill is available at LEGISinfo, an excellent resource from Parliament. You can also read the full text of the bill.

Bill numbers are reused for different bills each new session. Perhaps you were looking for one of these other C-9s:

C-9 (2021) Law An Act to amend the Judges Act
C-9 (2020) Law An Act to amend the Income Tax Act (Canada Emergency Rent Subsidy and Canada Emergency Wage Subsidy)
C-9 (2020) An Act to amend the Chemical Weapons Convention Implementation Act
C-9 (2016) Law Appropriation Act No. 1, 2016-17

Debate Summary

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This is a computer-generated summary of the speeches below. Usually it’s accurate, but every now and then it’ll contain inaccuracies or total fabrications.

Bill C-9 amends the Criminal Code to combat hate by creating new offences for intimidation, obstruction, hate-motivated crimes, and the public display of hate symbols, while codifying the definition of hatred.

Liberal

  • Supports combatting hate bill: The Liberal party strongly supports Bill C-9 to combat rising hate crimes, protect vulnerable communities, and ensure all Canadians can live freely with dignity and safety, as police-reported hate crimes have more than doubled.
  • Establishes new criminal offenses: The bill creates new offenses for intimidating or obstructing access to religious/cultural places, schools, and community centers, and a new hate crime offense for any federal crime motivated by hatred.
  • Targets hate symbols and streamlines justice: It criminalizes the public display of specific hate or terrorist symbols to promote hatred (with legitimate use exemptions), codifies the definition of "hatred," and removes the Attorney General's consent for hate propaganda charges to expedite enforcement.

Conservative

  • Opposes Bill C-9 as flawed and redundant: The Conservative Party supports the goal of protecting Canadians from hate but views Bill C-9 as a flawed, late, and redundant political gesture, arguing that existing laws are sufficient if properly enforced.
  • Concerns about free speech and lowered hate threshold: The bill risks criminalizing legitimate dissent by removing the word "extreme" from the Supreme Court's definition of "hatred," thereby lowering the legal threshold for hate speech and expanding state power.
  • Rejects removal of attorney general consent: Conservatives oppose the removal of the Attorney General's consent requirement for hate propaganda charges, viewing it as a critical safeguard against politicization, misuse, and vexatious private prosecutions.
  • Criticizes selective focus and lack of enforcement: The party criticizes the bill for not explicitly addressing rising anti-Christian hate crimes and for potentially mischaracterizing sacred symbols, while failing to prioritize enforcement of existing laws against violent crime.

NDP

  • Opposes bill in current form: The NDP cannot support the bill as it stands, arguing it risks criminalizing peaceful protest and legitimate dissent due to vague language and broad definitions.
  • Fails to target white nationalism: The bill disappointingly fails to address the violent activities of the growing white nationalist movement, leaving vulnerable communities without necessary tools.
  • Redundant and excessive sentences: Existing laws already address hate as an aggravating factor. The bill introduces excessive and disproportionate maximum sentences, up to life imprisonment.
  • Concerns about police discretion: Vague language grants too much discretionary power to law enforcement, risking subjectivity and potential weaponization against groups, along with political misuse of terror lists.

Bloc

  • Calls to remove religious text exception: The Bloc Québécois demands the removal of the Criminal Code exception that allows promoting hatred or antisemitism if based on a religious text, deeming it absurd.
  • Criticizes definition of hatred: The party finds the bill's definition of "hatred" to be complex and difficult to apply, predicting future Supreme Court challenges and suggesting committee work is needed.
  • Questions new access restrictions: The Bloc opposes creating new offenses for restricting access to places of worship, suggesting existing Criminal Code provisions and other laws are sufficient.
  • Connects hate to failed integration: The party attributes the rise in hate to the Liberal government's immigration policy, which failed to provide adequate integration support, leading to a clash of values.
Was this summary helpful and accurate?

Combatting Hate ActGovernment Orders

October 1st, 2025 / 4:20 p.m.

Conservative

Shuv Majumdar Conservative Calgary Heritage, AB

Madam Speaker, I thank the hon. member for his incredible work on restoring trust among our young people and trust between communities.

The Nazi hooked cross was culturally appropriated from the ancient civilization of Hindus and Indians. People of Indian origin and Hindu faith have often seen that symbol, the swastika, as it is properly known, as a symbol of peace, love and prosperity. When the Nazis culturally appropriated it and made it famous as a symbol of hate, they chose to do something terrible in this country.

In how we speak about hate crimes and hate symbols, it is so important for us to learn this lesson of history, to classify the hooked cross of the Nazis correctly, to defend our Hindu community and to defend our—

Combatting Hate ActGovernment Orders

October 1st, 2025 / 4:20 p.m.

The Assistant Deputy Speaker (Alexandra Mendès) Alexandra Mendes

Questions and comments, the hon. member for Saint-Hyacinthe—Bagot—Acton.

Combatting Hate ActGovernment Orders

October 1st, 2025 / 4:20 p.m.

Bloc

Simon-Pierre Savard-Tremblay Bloc Saint-Hyacinthe—Bagot—Acton, QC

Madam Speaker, since we are talking about hate speech, I would like to ask my colleague whether he agrees with this religious exemption.

Does he agree that certain elements of the Criminal Code can be recognized as hate speech, but that, as long as such speech is religiously motivated, it can be exempted, risk free? Does my colleague think that makes sense?

Combatting Hate ActGovernment Orders

October 1st, 2025 / 4:20 p.m.

Conservative

Shuv Majumdar Conservative Calgary Heritage, AB

Madam Speaker, I am looking forward to discussing these issues with hon. members and with my colleagues in the Bloc. I know we will have an opportunity to do so at committee.

Combatting Hate ActGovernment Orders

October 1st, 2025 / 4:20 p.m.

The Assistant Deputy Speaker (Alexandra Mendès) Alexandra Mendes

It is my duty pursuant to Standing Order 38 to inform the House that the questions to be raised tonight at the time of adjournment are as follows: the hon. member for Sherwood Park—Fort Saskatchewan, Employment; the hon. member for Elgin—St. Thomas—London South, Firearms; the hon. member for Calgary Centre, Finance.

Combatting Hate ActGovernment Orders

October 1st, 2025 / 4:20 p.m.

Conservative

Jamil Jivani Conservative Bowmanville—Oshawa North, ON

Madam Speaker, freedom of expression is a special part of Canada's political and cultural tradition. The Charter of Rights and Freedoms says that everyone in our country has the following fundamental freedoms: freedom of thought, belief, opinion and expression. When any government seeks to limit or constrain these freedoms, it requires a special trust between the people of the country and that government. Ideally, the people know that when a government seeks to limit their expression, that government has their best interests in mind and that any effort to limit freedom of expression would be done so fairly and justly.

Today, the Liberal government does not have that trust with many Canadians, and it is important that we understand why as we debate the merits of Bill C-9, in which the Liberal government is proposing new ways of limiting free expression in our dear country. A government that is deserving of trust would, of course, be one that is honest with the people of the country. Unfortunately, that is not the case with Bill C-9. Much of this legislation is duplicative of laws already on the books and does not adequately address the core reasons crime has increased.

The problem of crime primarily requires the federal government to more earnestly enforce the laws we already have and support police officers to investigate crimes and lock up criminals. The Liberal government is, frankly, taking attention away from its very real enforcement problem as it pertains to criminal law and the justice system. Instead, it is distracting people with legislation and, in doing so, is not being straight up with the people of our country.

A government that is deserving of trust with legislation like Bill C-9 would be a government that treats all religious communities fairly, and that is not the case. In the rollout of Bill C-9, the Liberal government failed to mention anti-Christian bigotry in explaining how this legislation would address increases in hate in our country. Of course, anti-Christian bigotry has risen dramatically in recent years, as evidenced by over 100 churches being burned down or vandalized. In fact, the government's statements about Bill C-9 seem to go very far out of their way to avoid mentioning Christians and to avoid mentioning what has been happening to Christian communities across our country, despite mentioning other targeted communities.

This is not a surprise to me, and probably not to many in this chamber, as when the Liberal government had an opportunity last year to support Conservative legislation to increase the penalty for arson against churches, which was known as Bill C-411, the Liberal government did nothing. It did not step up to work with us. It did not even articulate support for our efforts. We may recall Bill C-411, introduced by my Conservative colleague from Pitt Meadows—Maple Ridge, introduced mandatory minimum sentences for criminals attacking churches. It was a fantastic idea and an important part of any meaningful response to what has happened to churches across our country.

Despite claims by the current Liberal government that it is something new and different from what we contended with last year, it continues to take the exact same approach to how it deals with Christians in our country, continuing to refuse to step up and take any action. Ultimately, it is important for Christians and non-Christians across our beautiful nation to ask why the Liberals seem unwilling to address the attacks on churches in Bill C-9, Bill C-411 or any bill for that matter. If we are being very honest, I think the answer is that the Liberals like to use their power in government to pick winners and losers. They like to decide who deserves attention and protection, who deserves to have their dignity affirmed and who does not.

Liberals, frankly, do not see Christians as deserving of protection, and Bill C-9 is a very clear example of that, plain and simple, on paper. With that in mind, it is difficult to trust the Liberals to apply these new powers they seek to limit free expression in a way that is fair, just and the same for all Canadians. I anticipate Liberals saying that Bill C-9 is responding to the needs of religious communities by including language for the protection of Canadians who attend places of worship. Believe me, Madam Speaker: I would very much like to see more protections for Canadians who attend places of worship. In August, I submitted a motion to the Standing Committee on Canadian Heritage to discuss precisely this issue.

However, my concern with Bill C-9 is that the Liberals are taking a very real issue, which is that Canadians who attend places of worship need more protections, and using that very real issue to justify the expansion of their government's power to define what constitutes acceptable speech. Liberals have demonstrated, over their last decade in power, an intolerance for Christians and other Canadians who may disagree with them on important social and cultural issues. For that reason, I worry that the government will use the new powers it seeks under Bill C-9 to make it even more difficult for people in our great country to freely practise their faith.

Importantly, it is not just Christians who have concerns about being excluded from Bill C-9; Hindus across our country do as well. I have personally heard from many Hindu Canadians in Bowmanville—Oshawa North and across Durham region, who have expressed concerns over how some of their religious symbols have been characterized in Bill C-9. There is concern for many in the Hindu community that the proposed legislation equates one of their sacred symbols with a symbol of hatred. They are not being treated fairly by the Liberal government either.

Finally, it is very important to note another reason many Canadians do not trust the Liberal government. Under the Liberals' watch, the justice system has become weak and ineffective at protecting our communities. To have a trusting relationship with the public, especially if it has the audacity to ask the public to allow it to limit their free expression even further, the Liberal government should prove that it is willing to listen to cries for help from police officers asking for important justice reforms. Many criminals, whether they are motivated by hate or something else, could be off the street right now if the core problems in the justice system were adequately addressed. Canada needs a justice system that will be tougher on criminals, and that means having real consequences for breaking the law and hurting our people.

I would like to share the words of Durham region's police chief, Peter Moreira, who offered a powerful statement on the topic of justice reform a couple of days ago. He said, “we must establish meaningful consequences that deter convicted individuals from reoffending. Offenders who endanger the public—whether through the use of weapons, threats or reckless driving—should be remanded into custody. Breaching bail conditions should disqualify individuals from future bail, especially when it's their third, fourth, or subsequent release. Bill C-75 began this dangerous trend of multiple releases.... We need justice reform that prioritizes the rights of law-abiding citizens over the 'rights' of repeat offenders.”

In conclusion, it is obvious to anyone paying attention why Canadians would be uncomfortable with the Liberal government asking for more power over our lives, and their time would be better spent trying to fix the justice system they have broken.

Combatting Hate ActGovernment Orders

October 1st, 2025 / 4:30 p.m.

Liberal

Mark Gerretsen Liberal Kingston and the Islands, ON

Madam Speaker, I take great offence to this member coming into the House and trying to suggest that he represents the voice of all Christians. As an individual who is a Christian myself, who was raised in a family that attended service every Sunday, who has their own children in a Christian school and who values Christian beliefs and educates their children to support those beliefs, I take great offence to this member somehow suggesting that my place of worship would not be properly taken care of in this piece of proposed legislation if an event were to happen that is much like the other events he referred to. Based on the language he is using, I would say that this member, and Conservatives, is trying to drive a divide between religions.

Very simply, can the member please explain to me where in the legislation my place of worship, a Christian place of worship, would not be properly taken care of whereas another place of worship would be? Where is it in the legislation?

Combatting Hate ActGovernment Orders

October 1st, 2025 / 4:30 p.m.

Conservative

Jamil Jivani Conservative Bowmanville—Oshawa North, ON

Madam Speaker, it sounds as though I have offended the member opposite. Have I committed a hate crime now? Am I in trouble in terms of Bill C-9 because I have offended this gentleman?

The reality is that instead of throwing all this vitriol toward me, he should ask his colleagues why they have left Christians and anti-Christian bigotry out of any of their public statements concerning Bill C-9. He should ask his colleagues why they refuse to acknowledge over 100 churches being burned down across our country. They will not lift a finger to do anything about it, even when we have given them plenty of opportunity.

Save your energy and direct it to your own side of the aisle.

Combatting Hate ActGovernment Orders

October 1st, 2025 / 4:35 p.m.

The Assistant Deputy Speaker (Alexandra Mendès) Alexandra Mendes

I hope the hon. member is not talking about me. My energy is quite well saved.

Questions and comments, the hon. member for Jonquière.

Combatting Hate ActGovernment Orders

October 1st, 2025 / 4:35 p.m.

Bloc

Mario Simard Bloc Jonquière, QC

Madam Speaker, I find that genuinely fascinating. My colleague is saying that he speaks on behalf of Christians and that he represents Christians. According to him, in the bill, Christians, like people of any other faith, should be defended by members of Parliament. Personally, I believe all religions should be treated equally.

In that regard, does my colleague not think it is necessary to amend Bill C-9 to ensure that hate crimes based on religious speech are prohibited?

I imagine my colleague will agree with that.

Combatting Hate ActGovernment Orders

October 1st, 2025 / 4:35 p.m.

Conservative

Jamil Jivani Conservative Bowmanville—Oshawa North, ON

Madam Speaker, once again, all I am asking for is for Christians to be treated the same as everybody else, yet we can see the kind of reaction we get. Just saying the word “Christian” invokes a certain kind of energy in people in this chamber. I am very curious as to why that is.

If the Liberal government introduces legislation, names a series of communities it is supposed to help but leaves Christians out, why am I the bad guy for mentioning it? Come on, get serious.

Combatting Hate ActGovernment Orders

October 1st, 2025 / 4:35 p.m.

The Assistant Deputy Speaker (Alexandra Mendès) Alexandra Mendes

I hope the hon. member remembers that he has to speak through the Chair and not direct comments to the Chair.

The hon. member for Edmonton West.

Combatting Hate ActGovernment Orders

October 1st, 2025 / 4:35 p.m.

Conservative

Kelly McCauley Conservative Edmonton West, AB

Madam Speaker, I have to express the same concerns that my colleague has about the government with the Christian faith. We have seen innumerable churches being attacked, vandalized and burned down. Just recently, there was a historic one in Alberta. When this came up previously, former prime minister Trudeau said it was fully understandable that people were burning down churches.

Does my colleague believe, as the Liberals have said, that it is standing up for this faith to say that it is fully understandable for Christian churches to be burned to the ground?

Combatting Hate ActGovernment Orders

October 1st, 2025 / 4:35 p.m.

Conservative

Jamil Jivani Conservative Bowmanville—Oshawa North, ON

Madam Speaker, my colleague points to something very important for us to acknowledge: The effort by the Liberal government to downplay and dismiss anti-Christian bigotry is part of a much larger, broader pattern of behaviour to diminish the place of Christians and their feelings in our democracy. It has also introduced new ideas to take away charitable status from religious organizations. We have seen numerous petitions brought forward in the House to draw attention to that. We have given the Liberal government numerous opportunities to clearly state that it is going to protect the charitable status of religious organizations. It refuses to do so.

This is a deep-rooted problem in the Liberal government. We can see why it is such a sensitive spot to bring up.

The House resumed consideration of the motion that Bill C-9, An Act to amend the Criminal Code (hate propaganda, hate crime and access to religious or cultural places), be read the second time and referred to a committee.