Thank you for the question.
Resiliency often has different layers or different lines of defence. The ability of the ecosystem to produce food in a drought is the first line of defence. A farmer can build up soil organic matter and plant some windbreaks. Those are very practical things that don't necessarily need a lot of technology.
Working with the Oxfams or the Canadian Foodgrains Banks of this world to do on-the-ground development work in remote or vulnerable locations is a very, very good first start in building up the resilience of the agro-ecosystem. Then there's what I consider a technology layer. Can we use a drought-resilient seed? There are lots of challenges with how to use different kinds of seeds more or less equitably, but there are seeds we can breed to become more drought-resistant. Can we use remote sensing data, getting back to satellites, to predict when droughts might emerge so that we can help the World Food Programme position itself six, eight or 10 weeks in advance of a crisis? That's sort of a middle level of defence, with agro-ecosystem at the beginning and technology at the higher end.
There are also community-level defences and people working together: Can we invest in civil society?
Finally, your ultimate line of defence is organizations like the World Food Programme.
I think the appropriate strategy is to work at a portfolio level, at these different scales of defence, to build a comprehensive climate resilience portfolio. The specifics of how you do that would be different in Canada versus the Horn of Africa, but the fact that you have these layers of defence is pretty common across the world. That's where I would go.