Thank you.
First, I'll deal with grain quality very quickly and very simply.
The Canadian Grain Commission sets the grades, but ultimately the value that's created for the different grades happens because the single desk can price discriminate. It's that simple, but that's a big part of where the piece goes. When you look at the marketplace, you say we've got grades for No. 1 and No. 2 peas, we've got grades for No. 1 and No. 2 lentils, but we only get paid for No. 2 or better. There's no premium for No. 1 lentils and No. 1 peas. That's because there's no single desk to price discriminate in those crops. There is in wheat. That's where part of the market premium comes from.
In terms of producer cars and a single desk system, there are two really important ties. The key for a producer car shipper is they have to have a liquid market that allows grain to change ownership in port position, because instead of selling it on the basis of the elevator, they sell it on the basis of the port position.
Canada tried to have price discovery in port in canola in the seventies and eighties, and we didn't have the capacity to manage price discovery in port in canola, which was a 2 million tonne crop. There are 20 million tonnes of wheat, so price discovery can't happen. The value goes out of the producer cars and, ultimately, if you don't get value, you don't ship them, because it's a lot easier to just deliver the grain to a local elevator. There's no work involved in that, and that's why there are ultimately no producer cars or very few producers cars. Less than 3% are non-board grains.