Mr. Chair, I think it's fair to say that there were indeed a number of flags raised.
I was personally involved in response to the 2014 cyber-hack by the PRC against the NRC, and I can tell you that all the right authorities of concern in Canada and abroad were very aware of what was going on. I think it was around that period of time when people realized things were changing in the PRC under the leadership of Xi Jinping. I think we saw the beginning of a change to their approach and in terms of the aggressiveness with which they were pursuing their interests.
Those other hacks you mentioned, Mr. Angus, against the two other organizations of the federal government indeed resulted in a number of investigations flags. There's been a tremendous amount of work done by our colleagues at the Communications Security Establishment to prevent a number of these. The statistics are mind-boggling of the number of attempts against government institutions every day. More and more, what we see is that those entities, like PRC hacking groups, are going after not just government institutions but also the private sector and academia to acquire the kind of information and data they need to pursue their objectives.