Sure. I think the most important thing to assess, whether the purposes have been expanded as a result of education being added to the Copyright Act or something that the Supreme Court has done, is whether the end use that is being done by the education sector is fair. Ultimately, that's what's important.
The Federal Court, in its 2017 decision examining York University's fair dealing guidelines, concluded unequivocally that the interpretation of the guidelines being made by the education sector is simply not fair. It's having a detrimental impact on writers and publishers.
Importantly, in the 2012 changes there were changes to fair dealing, but there were also changes made to statutory damages under the general regime. Statutory damages are an important remedy that is available when people infringe copyright. The changes to the statutory damages have led to a situation of educational institutions having very little risk for what I'll call pushing the envelope. We have seen that even after we get a court decision concluding that the guidelines are not fair in their terms or their application, not a single university has actually adjusted or come back to the table to negotiate a licence.