The expenses are mostly for the licences university libraries must purchase. That claim that the educational field has already paid for reproductions through those licences, was also raised by your university during the hearings before the judge.
In the case of York University, a study was done and it showed that the works that were being used in its learning management systems and the works that were used in printed course documents, involved reproductions that were made under the fair use regime. We had to compare the licences with the reproductions that were made free of charge. The judge had to admit, like York University, that it was impossible to match up the licences with what the university was reproducing.
What is provided to students under these licences are mostly research tools. What is used in classes are teaching tools.
They're for research purposes, instructional purposes. By and large, the content, which is licensed, is not the same content that is being reproduced on learning management systems and in course packs.