Probably the most exciting, forward-looking innovation is an extension of the kinds of technologies that CarbonCure is exploring, which is the beneficial use of captured carbon in concrete as a material. As Michael noted in his remarks, the cement and concrete industry together is both a source of carbon dioxide that can be captured and used, and also a potential sink.
There are literally dozens of different technologies exploring how to take captured carbon and put it into concrete as a material. Concrete is the most used material on the planet after water, so just by volume that means that concrete represents an enormous opportunity to take carbon from the atmosphere and permanently sequester it into our built environment. I see that as the most exciting space in terms of innovation.
However, you're right, there's a menu of strategies that our sector is exploring to get toward that Holy Grail of carbon-neutral and even potentially carbon-positive with some of these carbon capture technologies. There's material efficiency, which is what you're mentioning in the context of that bridge example.
We're looking at substituting the use of fossil fuel in the manufacturing of cement with lower carbon alternatives. That is a nearer-term technology that's already well deployed in a lot of places around the world, and we're working very hard with governments in Canada to facilitate that here as well with some recent successes with the attention on climate.
The two most important messages are yes, there's a ton of innovation happening in this industry, but much like your iPhone, it is not one technology. It is the synergy between hundreds of technologies working together that's going to get us to a very exciting place, not just in our industry but where our industry interfaces with the HVAC industry, for example, and other folks working in the built environment space.