That's an excellent question. This has become a huge part of our focus as an organization since 2014 and 2015, when all these revelations started to come to the fore. We've been working very closely primarily with regulators in the European Union. As you might know, the definition and use of defeat devices is technically not illegal in the European Union. One of the biggest efforts that we've put in over the past few years is to ensure that these devices cannot be used in that jurisdiction.
In terms of innovative ways to catch vehicles that might be cheating, we've developed several methods, including remote sensing. We have several documents that I've shared with the committee that provide additional details as to how those methods can be employed. We're very excited to see many of the governments that we work with start to use these remote-sensing methodologies to be able to test a very large number of vehicles, very cost effectively.
In the past, it was very expensive to gather data from vehicles in the real world, given the need to put expensive equipment on the vehicles. That's no longer the case when doing remote sensing. We, as an organization, are very optimistic that remote sensing is going to be the primary method by which governments can collect a very large amount of vehicle real-world emissions data and then link that to actual compliance and enforcement regimes.