In the interest of time, I'll move on to my second question, which is around the proportionality of the Canadian side. Even adjusting for population and the number of vehicles sold, the $196-million fine paid by Volkswagen Canada is much smaller than the $4.3 billion in civil and criminal penalties paid in the U.S.
I'm curious about the recommendations that the enforcement officials made to the Crown prosecutor with regard to Volkswagen and the rationale behind those recommendations. I'd specifically like to know, because the recommendations are made on behalf of the minister, what input, if any, did the minister's office have on those recommendations? What input, if any, did the Prime Minister's Office have on those recommendations? Under CEPA, compliance and enforcement policy is the responsibility of enforcement officials, but it's on behalf of the minister and they made recommendations to these Crown prosecutors around penalties, proportionality and nature or gravity of the offence, etc.