Thank you, Mr. Chair.
Thank you to the witnesses for, as the chair has said, a good debate that we're having within committee.
The clerk is keeping notes and I'm sure we'll be able to sort this out at the report stage, but some of the numbers like $9 billion that we've just topped up, which was in addition to $100 billion that we'd previously spent, I think are fairly misleading this evening.
I want to go back to some of the basics with Dr. Exner-Pirot on market dynamics that create the need for subsidies. When markets are early in their development, the only way to scale and to get through the valley of death is through some external force or funding, quite often from federal governments and that's done around the world.
Could you maybe discuss the dynamics that we're in right now in terms of the transition to a cleaner version of what we're doing? Also, can you discuss when we might remove the need for subsidies, as we're saying right now that inefficient subsidies are to be removed by 2023? The price of oil is increasing again. The market should be able to handle some of its own investments. Could you comment on that?