In terms of the actual numbers, they are not available. In Canada, we do not know.
We know how many animals are used in toxicity testing, based on the Canadian Council on Animal Care guidelines, but those do not include some of the private companies that are not part of this accreditation organization.
I can give you some numbers on what these tests cost. I have them right in front of me.
One of the tests, the rat cancer bioassay, takes two years to look at carcinogenicity. It costs about $700,000 to do this test. When it comes to looking at sex hormone interactions—the estrogen hormone interactions and male androgen ones—these range from $30,000 to $40,000 to do the animal tests, but the non-animal methods are around $7,000. When you're talking about this, it's also the time that it takes, right? That also translates into money. Some of these tests can be done in a matter of a few days, whereas the animal tests take weeks and months and even two years for reproductive testing and for cancer bioassays and things like that.
In terms of exactly how much money is being spent in Canada, I'm not really sure that's ever been calculated. Some of these are being provided by.... It's the companies that are spending the money. If you are a chemical company and you're trying to get a new chemical approved, you're doing all of these tests and submitting the data to federal agencies.