Let's start off with privacy protection. There's a perception that consumers aren't concerned about their privacy, but if you look at the data, it actually shows that consumers are resigned about privacy. They want greater privacy protection—this goes across age groups, not necessarily just the older group—but they don't really feel they have any power to do so.
Then think about Facebook and Cambridge Analytica. There was this whole “delete Facebook” movement. Nonetheless, when Facebook reported its first quarterly earnings after the scandal broke, it did not take a hit on either the number of users or their revenues. In a competitive marketplace, you would think, then, that consumers would get products and services that would tailor to their privacy interests, but they don't.
The other thing is just look at the EU and the Google shopping case. There you can see the power that the platform can have in promoting a product. According to the European Commission, Google recognized that its product was subpar, yet by its ability to allocate traffic in such a way as to promote its own products, where it put its own product on the first page of the search results and hid the competitors' products on the fourth or later pages, that had a significant impact on rivals.
That's a concern. I mean, we went through the annual reports of companies, and one of the things they identified as a risk was their dependency on these super-platforms and how these super-platforms, in hindering the functionality and the like, can really adversely affect them. We have the example with the Google comparison shopping case.
I could go through all eight that are in my paper, which was published by Georgetown University, and give specific evidence for each of those eight.