Under the act, for law enforcement purposes it's permissible to disclose personal information without consent upon the request of an agency that's listed in the regulations. If there's a reasonable expectation of privacy in that information, you need a warrant for that. Under the Privacy Act, if you're requested and you hand it over, that's fine, but under the charter, you might need a warrant. You can be Privacy Act-compliant but have a problem with the charter.
It's the same with foreign governments. Under the Privacy Act, information can be shared with foreign governments through an arrangement—it doesn't even have to be written—and there is no Privacy Act issue, but there could be a charter issue. Wakeling v. United States of America is a Supreme Court of Canada decision that suggests that section 8 of the charter is engaged when information is shared with a foreign state. That was information that was actually lawfully collected through a Canadian wiretap in that case.
You can have information that the government has and shares with a foreign state. The Privacy Act says that's perfectly okay if it's pursuant to an arrangement and it's for law enforcement purposes, but the charter might say to wait a minute and that you need a heightened set of protections in those particular circumstances. It might be a warrant or it might not be a warrant; it might be subsequent protections on the uses of that information. “Safeguards” is the language that the Supreme Court of Canada tends to use, but it's not currently in the act.