We've been enforcing against spamouflage since 2019. Last year, we did a really large enforcement under our coordinated inauthentic behaviour policy.
Spamouflage is a long-running, cross-Internet operation with global targeting. We removed thousands of accounts and pages after we were able to connect different clusters of activity together as part of a single operation and were able to attribute that operation to individuals associated with Chinese law enforcement.
We've identified over 50 platforms and forums that spamouflage has used, including Facebook, Instagram, X, YouTube, TikTok, Reddit, Pinterest, Medium, Blogspot, LiveJournal, VKontakte, Vimeo and dozens of other smaller platforms and forums.
As with other China-origin operations, we have not found evidence of spamouflage getting significant substantial engagement among authentic communities on our services. As it is a global operation, we have seen targeting of audiences in Canada as part of this targeting. Researchers at the Australian Strategic Policy Institute, for instance, have described the operation's use of generative AI audio and doctored YouTube videos that were shared on other platforms with zero or minimal engagement from real users.
We've engaged a couple of times with the rapid response mechanism, including just yesterday, about spamouflage activity. I'm happy to report that in that instance, they found that we had been able to proactively remove the vast majority of activity that they were tracking.