Thanks for the question. I think those are two areas where there has been a lot of discussion in particular. I'll start with the charter issue in the first instance.
The charter does apply to everything we do as officials. The charter binds Government of Canada officials in the execution of all government policy, be it in Canada or abroad. That is likewise specified in section 3 of the Immigration and Refugee Protection Act. So we are bound by the charter.
With respect to your second point on the “shall” versus “may” issue, that provision in the bill means that we, the government, are no longer required to process each and every application. It is that requirement--