We have to have provincial governments that want to do it. They have to decide to do it and they have to execute it. They receive, through education transfers from the federal government, in the tens of billions of dollars, not only for post-secondary but also for primary education. There are billions of dollars at play. So you have to have provincial governments that want to do it, to have a dual system, and then I believe you have to have a federal government as the funder or the writer of cheques, that's saying, “These are the things we want you to do.”
Imagine giving your child a $10-billion cheque, sending them to the grocery store, and they come home with just Cheetos. You can't be mad at them because you didn't give them a list. So as the funder of education systems in Canada, the federal government has a right and a responsibility to direct how that money is spent in some way. I'm not talking about centralization of education policy; I'm talking about direction for federal funding. So if the provinces want results, and are serious about getting results, and the federal government is serious, they will say, “For your $4 billion that you get next year, you must institute a system that produces these results”, and if you do not get those results out of the system, perhaps the $4 billion is in question the next time. It has to be a results- and an outcome-based system.
Imagine a company that transfers money to subsidiaries but doesn't require any results at the end, or there's no policy prescriptions to that subsidiary. The provinces act at will, and I think maybe we need some nudges.