Thank you, Chair, and my thanks to everyone for being here.
My first questions are for Ms. Kenny of the Canadian Energy Pipeline Association. You refer in your brief to the Canadian Pipeline Technology Collaborative and the CEPA Foundation as well as the objective of increasing collaboration for research and development, which I think is a great thing.
In July 2010, the Kalamazoo spill from a pipeline operated by Enbridge constituted the largest on-land oil spill and one of the costliest oil spills in history. The pipeline carried bitumen from the oil sands. The bitumen sank and the EPA fined the Enbridge company $3.7 million for 22 violations. One of the problems the National Transportation Safety Board investigation pointed out, Ms. Kenny, was the corrosion fatigue of the pipeline as a consequence of carrying dilbit and heavy bitumen. That was what they said was one of the key factors in a cleanup that cost $767 million U.S..
Does your association or the Pipeline Technology Collaborative you referenced study that aspect of it, the corrosion fatigue of pipelines carrying bitumen?