Thank you and good afternoon. I'm very pleased to be here with Senior Deputy Governor Carolyn Rogers to discuss our recent monetary policy report and our decision last week.
Last week, we maintained our policy interest rate at 5%. We held our policy rate steady because monetary policy is working to cool the economy and relieve price pressures, and we want to give it time to do its job, but further easing in inflation is likely to be slow and inflationary risks have increased.
Before I take your questions, let me give you some of the economic and financial context for that decision.
Since the last time we were here with you, the Canadian economy has slowed, and the available data suggest demand and supply are now approaching balance.
We're now seeing clearer evidence that higher interest rates are moderating spending and relieving price pressures. The economy has entered a period of weaker growth, with growth averaging about 1% over the last year. It is forecast to remain below 1% until late 2024 and rise to 2.5% in 2025.
The economy is expected to move into excess supply this year and growth should remain weak for the next few quarters. Consequently, inflation should continue to ease gradually and return to our 2% target in 2025. However, higher energy prices and persistence in underlying inflation could slow progress.
The effects of higher interest rates on inflation are most evident in the prices of durable goods, like furniture and appliances that people often buy on credit. These effects have also spread to many semi-durable goods, such as clothing and footwear, as well as many services excluding shelter.
Inflation in these categories is now running generally at or below 2%. Price increases for groceries, while still elevated at almost 6%, have also eased and are expected to moderate further.
A number of factors are getting in the way of low inflation. For example, higher global energy prices are increasing prices at the pump. And that is pushing inflation, as measured by the consumer price index, the CPI, back up.
Structural supply shortages in our housing market are boosting prices for shelter. In addition, near-term inflation expectations and wage growth remain elevated, and corporate pricing behaviour is normalizing only slowly.
Since we're going to be discussing housing in more depth today, let me provide some additional detail now. The rise in interest rates has cooled demand for housing. Since February 2022, housing resales have declined by 33% and house prices are down about 10%. But shelter price inflation has picked up and is running above 6%. Structural pressures in the housing market are slowing the return of inflation to target. Shelter price inflation has become more broad-based, with rent and other accommodation expenses increasing, in addition to the ongoing rise in mortgage interest costs, which is related to our own policy rate increases. We look forward to discussing these housing dynamics with you in more depth.
The combined effect of all these pressures on inflation is that we now expect inflation to be about 3.5% through to the middle of next year. As excess supply in the economy increases, inflation should ease in 2024 and reach 2% in 2025.
Overall, inflationary risks have increased since July. The forecast we released last week has inflation on a higher path than we expected last summer. In addition, rising global tensions, particularly the war in Israel and Gaza, have increased the risk that energy prices could move higher and supply chains could be disrupted again, pushing inflation up around the world.
With clearer evidence that monetary policy is working, my colleagues and I on the bank's governing council judged last week that we could be patient and hold the policy rate at 5%. However, to be confident that our policy rate is high enough to get inflation back to 2%, we need to see more easing in our measures of core inflation. We will continue to assess whether monetary policy is sufficiently restrictive to restore price stability and we will monitor risks closely.
Our decision last week reflected our best efforts to balance the risks of over- and under-tightening. We don't want to cool the economy more than necessary, but we don't want Canadians to have to continue to live with elevated inflation either, and we cannot let high inflation become entrenched in the economy. If inflationary pressures persist, we are prepared to raise our policy rate further to restore price stability.
In summary, we've made a lot of progress in reducing inflation, but we're not there yet, and we need to stay the course. When price stability is restored, the economy will work better for everyone.
With that, the senior deputy governor and I will be very pleased to take your questions.
Thank you.