I can take that question.
As I think I said earlier, the principal analysis we did was looking at the revenue impacts, because this is a tax. In terms of the broader economic impacts of this or similar vacancy type taxes, there are very few studies that the department is aware of, and this reflects the fact that we don't have too many of these types of taxes in Canada—or globally, for that matter—and that there's a real dearth of information on vacancy rates for the housing market writ large.
We have data on vacancy rates for rental accommodation, but not for all housing, so that makes it very difficult to do any sort of empirical work. Having said that, there are a couple of studies we're aware of or situations. One was a study that was done in France a couple of years ago about a tax they imposed in the early 1990s. The parameters are different obviously, but for a tax rate of between 10% and 15% on the potential rental income of a vacant property, they noticed there was about a 13% decline in vacancy rates in the municipalities that were taxed.