That's a question for which the answer varies by province, because it depends on consumption patterns and on how the electricity that households consume is generated. Is it generated from fossil fuels or not? Generally speaking, though, if we look only at the carbon tax that households pay and the rebate they get, the majority of them—I'd say about 80%—get more in rebates than what they paid.
The top quintile, or the top 20% of households in terms of income, generally pay more than what they get in rebates if we look only at the carbon tax they pay versus what they receive. It varies, of course, depending on individual consumption patterns. If you drive a big RV and you heat your home with oil or natural gas, you will obviously pay more than you receive in carbon taxes.
The controversy has arisen because of the inclusion of the economic impacts of the carbon tax. It's true that any tax has implications and generates some friction in the economy. The carbon tax is no different. Introducing a carbon tax has impacts on specific sectors. The more fossil fuel-intensive these sectors are, the more impacts are likely to be felt on these sectors. When including the economic impacts, we find that most households will see a small loss, although the magnitude varies, when taking into account the loss of economic output, investment income and employment income and the difference between what they paid and the rebate they receive.
It's taking into account all the impacts of the carbon tax in the economy.