First, one other things that's happening, as you mentioned, in terms of the economic viability of high seas fishing, is that China is finding a way to do or approach that. That's a concern. What China does now in certain areas is that it basically sends out its harvesting vessels, and those harvesting vessels are almost working 24 hours, seven days a week. China has organized is a trans-shipment type of protocol, where basically the Chinese cargo vessels meet the Chinese fishing vessels in the high seas and transport that harvest to wherever they're going to take it. That is, if you will, reducing the fact that you go a far distance, you harvest it, and then you have to bring it back to your country, which is of course very expensive. That's a growing concern, because if that happens, it's going to institutionalize some form of high seas fishing that actually make economic sense, perhaps, without the economic consequences.
On your second question, you're absolutely right. It's interesting in terms of the U.S. initiative, say, for example, to look at situations and identify countries that aren't adhering to good management of their vessels in terms of IUU. Of the 10 countries they have identified since 2011, the U.S. is currently in discussions with Spain, Portugal, and Italy. They also had France on the list at one point in time. They had discussions with France, and it was recognized that something had been misinterpreted and France was removed from the list.
So that's why the EU, in its position, basically has no clothes, in the sense that it has had great feedback from environmental communities and so forth for having introduced the unilateral import certification requirement, but nevertheless is still the subject of U.S. negotiations with three EU countries to improve their performance on IUU fishing.
Now, the thing is that the EU has avoided, if you will, countries such as Canada launching a challenge in the WTO, because EU simply puts that type of regulation in place, which applies to the import community, and then sends a directive to its 27 member-countries that they must basically replicate the types of measures the EU has imposed. They do that, but nevertheless they don't really enforce it. That is a problem, because the WTO stipulates that if you put certain types of requirements on imports getting into a market, you have to put those same types of requirements on your domestic production.
