There are two elements to that question.
If one looks at the fiscal impact, which is the amount of the carbon tax paid directly and indirectly and the GST that applies on these embedded or direct carbon taxes paid minus the carbon rebate, most families are better off. We estimate that to be around 80%.
However, if we include the economic impacts of the introduction of a carbon tax, we find that these economic impacts from introducing a carbon tax will have impacts on some sectors of the economy, such as the oil and gas sector and the transportation sector, and on investment income that will be slightly lower, and then we find that most Canadian families in provinces where the federal backstop regime is in place will see a small negative impact from the carbon tax.