I think there are a couple of aspects.
Again, I go back to the training and reskilling of people. This is happening in companies. You see the training budgets in Fortune 500 companies accelerating at a very high rate. People are doing fundamentally different things. What I'm doing now will probably be very different from what I do five years from now, so how do I help to do that? They're spending a lot of money on that. That can be done internally. Again, when I was at McKinsey, other than the R and D that I talked about, our biggest budget was training, because you have to do it.
More resources are needed to train the people we have, and we need to recognize that that's the case. I think there can be private sector organizations to do that, including universities. You don't go away for a year. It's a two-week program, or its a part-time program. AT&T has done this. It's two hours a week, and you get a medallion certificate as a digital expert if you want to do it. It's done so you can work and learn, right? We need that.
There's a technology transformation that's needed in this government and in all governments. I don't want to be harsh about it, but we're in the Stone Age. We have to spend the money. That will need a lot to be able to do it, but it will enable the organization to do more if we do it.
In my view, it's the training and technology. I think that having people go in and out.... Having private sector people coming into government and government people going into the private sector is good to broaden the mind.
The other thing I always keep in mind with these changes.... The average lifetime of a company in 1935, which wasn't a good year to be on the stock exchange, was about 90 years. The average lifetime of a company that's on the stock exchange today is about 14 years. It just shows you the rate of change. It's very difficult to keep up. Nothing is going to replace the government. You're not going to have a new government, but we have to have that mindset.
Personally, for whatever it's worth, I think it's the training and technology.