I'll be happy to forward the publication to the clerk. There was also an article in the American Journal of Science in 2004, where they reported on the Patriot Act, which has provisions similar to what is in Bill C-11. The Centers for Disease Control estimated--and I don't have the exact figures--the number of labs they expected to be working with a list of pathogens, and only about a third of those labs actually applied for a licence. Many of the universities, including major institutions like MIT and Stanford, rather than choosing to continue those lines of research, just said they would not allow their faculties and graduate students to work in those areas.
So the net result is that the ability of the nation to be prepared and training people who are working with those types of pathogens gets diminished through this.
I would also note that the U.S. legislation primarily applied to level 3 and level 4 pathogens. So they did not have the kinds of restrictions on level 2 pathogens that could be contemplated with this bill. Indeed the impact might be even greater.
The type of study Dr. Singer has proposed, as described to you last week, is precisely what the United States did after that through the Institute of Medicine and the National Academy of Sciences. They had a comprehensive assessment where the Centers for Disease Control, the National Security Agency, and the academic and lab communities were brought together to look at the most effective way to strengthen biosecurity and biosafety. I think that's really where Canada should be headed as well.