Okay. Regarding the first, you have to realize that until very recently, the vast majority of medical students came from the big cities. Only 10% or maybe 11% of a medical school class would come from rural areas, so that most medical students had that city view of the country, which was that it's a nice place to visit, but I wouldn't want to live there. Therefore, most medical students wouldn't think about going into rural practice, and that attitude has tended to be encouraged by the main teachers in the medical schools, who are sub-specialists in big teaching hospitals in the cities. Their view is that the best kind of doctor you can be is a doctor like me, a sub-specialist in a teaching hospital.
Medical students everywhere are ambitious high achievers, and they want to be the best kind of physician they can be, so they aspire to be teaching hospital sub-specialists. So the system has been sort of self-perpetuating in its encouragement of medical students, whether they come from the urban or the rural areas, to want to become teaching hospital sub-specialists.
Northern Ontario School of Medicine is still almost brand new, and there are other examples of rural-based medical schools in other countries around the world. Their success rate for recruitment and retention of their graduates in rural areas is very impressive. There are two medical schools in the Philippines from which over 90% of the graduates continue to practise in rural remote areas in parts of the country where most people have very limited services--electricity and water and that kind of stuff. The Philippines is a country that most medical graduates leave the day they graduate. They go to the United States and practise in the United States.
I think there's strong evidence that, as I said, recruiting from rural areas, providing the education in the rural setting, supporting training at the residency level, and then providing support in terms of education and the other incentives and so on that I've mentioned actually provide for recruitment and retention in rural areas. In northern Ontario, before the existence of the Northern Ontario School of Medicine, since the early 1990s, there have been family medicine residency programs in the northwest and the northeast. Over 60% of the doctors who have trained in those programs since the early 1990s are still practising in northern Ontario.