I would close by saying that with regard to bullying, poor programming institutionalizes bullying. Without well-trained coaches, instructors and physical education teachers, poor programming is delivered, which institutionalizes bullying.
I'll give a quick example. Dodge ball is a very popular activity within our PE classes across Canada, delivered by generalist teachers. In dodge ball, two sides throw the ball at each other to try to hit one another to try to put them out of the game. It's a game of exclusion. The fast, quick kids hit the slower, less athletic kids, and those less-fit kids are then told to sit down and they can't continue playing.
From a physical literacy perspective, this popular PE activity reduces confidence and motivation and the fun for the exact children we want to be physically active.
If we had well-trained PE teachers, they wouldn't do this. That's where PHE Canada is trying to promote messages to try to improve the quality of programming so that we try to have those teachers who aren't well trained not do these kinds of activities, which really institutionalize a game of bullying. We're doing these kinds of institutionalized activities, this poor programming, while we're promoting anti-bullying practices.