There are a lot of programs out there. Just in reference to a previous question, it's interesting that among health care practitioners—I'll focus on physicians—as Dr. Ouellette pointed out, the young future practitioners in medical schools now are well aware of the issue of AMR. They're getting all the right education on how to appropriately prescribe and so on. That's good, but we can't forget about the practitioners who are already out there. I think there's a greater focus, as well, in various professional organizations. We've supported various types of campaigns, as well, in terms of continuing medical education to make sure that physicians already out there in the community are better equipped to appropriately prescribe antibiotics. There are some things like little educational campaigns, even something as simple as a notepad. It's almost like a prescription pad, except it has little notes in terms of criteria that help guide physicians on how they can properly prescribe antibiotics.
The other part, which I think is sometimes not emphasized enough, is that it shouldn't be all, in a way, on the front-line practitioners, the physicians. A lot of it is also driven by the demands and expectations of patients. A lot of education also needs to be focused on the patients. If they're better aware and educated about the difference between viruses and bacteria, and so on, they will also be in a better position to have good dialogue with their health care practitioners about what would be appropriate treatment for any type of infection they have. What happens now.... I understand how physicians may feel; there's a lot of pressure. A patient may easily go into a doctor's office and demand an antibiotic. The doctor will do the best he or she can to explain, “No, this is a viral infection from what I see. You don't need an antibiotic.” The patient will get really upset and say, “You're not a good doctor. I'm leaving.” The patient will go to see another doctor, and that same scenario will be repeated.
I think, as with many issues in AMR, it's complicated. There are a lot of things we could and should be doing, but hopefully as we move forward, we'll integrate the response so that everyone who has a role to play, including the general public and patients, will do their part.