You asked a number of questions in there. I'll try to answer them.
What's different from when we were trained? Yes, they had invented penicillin when I went to school, so I was familiar with it—I joke about my age as well—but I think we've learned a lot about antibiotics and antimicrobial use. We've learned about treating our patients and about what's best for the animals we're dealing with. I think the difference I see in the education now is that as we become aware and the community becomes aware, the veterinarian students are also being made aware that when they treat an animal, they also have an impact on human health or environmental health. That extension of the logic is the “balance” I mentioned in my presentation. I think that's being taught now in the schools. I think that's coming out.
As for the general veterinarians who are already out there in practice and are not still in school, every province has some degree of mandatory continuing education. Some of the provinces have made it mandatory that they have specific courses on antimicrobial resistance and antimicrobial use. All of the licensing bodies are looking at providing that continuing education for their members.