I can speak to that more just in the sense of how much I see as a physician, as somebody working on the front lines, how stigma does impact the way we provide care for people who use substances and accordingly their willingness to access care. It is very rare that I see a patient who hasn't experienced stigma related to their substance use, whether it's from friends or family, in the workplace or in the health care system. We can't ignore how significant an impact that has on people's willingness to be forthcoming about their substance use, to seek help and to have trust in that help.
As far as specific policies that have been successful in addressing stigma go, that's something I'd have to give some thought to. I can't really speak to that, but I think that unfortunately it goes much deeper than any one specific policy. This is about a cultural shift in the way we think about substances and substance use disorders. This is a process and something that I think really must inform every discussion we have and every intervention we're talking about, because if we don't address that as one of those fundamental upstream drivers, we are going to continue to struggle.