There are two main components that were missing from Vancouver's attempt at decriminalization. One is the scale-up of on-demand treatment. We heard there's this myth that people who want treatment have access to treatment. In reality there are often significant wait-lists, significant barriers for people who actively want substance use treatment to get into treatment. One thing is significant scale-up of the availability of evidence-based treatment prior to the rollout of decriminalization.
The other aspect is an element of dissuasion built into the decriminalization policy. That's what was done in Portugal, where, when somebody has substance use disorder, they are required to go in front of a dissuasion panel that looks at their particular situation and their particular type of substance use and makes recommendations for what type of intervention they are going to get. That was lacking from the rollout in Vancouver, where there wasn't that element of encouraging people to access treatment and trying to direct people with problematic substance use to treatment.