In 2020, an analysis was done in Montreal, Toronto and Ottawa on neighbourhoods, and when you look at neighbourhoods and COVID-19 distribution, it found that the strongest determinant of whether or not you'd get COVID in the early days of COVID was whether or not you were Black—the concentration of Black people in the neighbourhood.
Before the COVID-19 pandemic, I always told my students that income was the strongest determinant of health. During COVID-19, I started taking caution, but of course there is income.... I mean, racism does not exist in isolation; it intersects, and it reproduces income inequality. It also then intersects with income inequality. Those are some of the lessons we've learned.
I think what would be very important going forward is for us to start collecting race-based disaggregated data, which we did not have before COVID, to really shed light on how to ensure that we can have targeted interventions to address disparities.