One thing that has been repeatedly talked about on this panel is the need for us to focus on the causes of the causes. We've already mentioned some of those causes: income and racial and gender inequality. You talked about single-parent families. For example, I've done research, in the past, on single-parent moms. Black boys living in single-mother households face one of the starkest disparities in Canada, including in outcomes. Providing much more support is important.
When I've done interviews in the past, people also talked about parenting programs. Oftentimes, we think parenting programs are just for kids, but they're also for family health. Kids are situated within the context of families. When families have better health outcomes, it's better.
There's also the talked-about need for community-based mental health service delivery that is focused on not just institutions and acute care but also community. In terms of resilience, there's a need to create community belonging and strengthen positive cultural identity for Black and racialized communities. Spirituality is important, and building the capacity of religious and spiritual leaders. There's also access to sport and subsidizing sport participation, so people are able to capitalize and build on their resilience.
I would say that addressing racism is also of vital importance.