I will answer in English, if I may.
It's very clear that UNHCR does not oppose a list of designated countries of origin. However, it must be understood that the DCO list is a procedural tool. It's not a process, only a procedural tool. We are putting too much emphasis and focus on this. It is a procedural tool that may help in certain situations to facilitate the processing of asylum claims.
What is really important is the process. In order to make a solid process in refugee status determination, there is a need for certain things to happen. Once the process is solid, a designated country list is a tool. It's a tool that may be helpful if used in a certain manner.
The process that makes for a strong and robust asylum determination system includes adequate time for submitting an application—there has to be enough time to find counsel and collect the information necessary. There has to be a first-level hearing that is solid and robust by an independent tribunal like the IRB. Of course, IRB members must be well-trained decision-makers. There must be enough resources put into research on countries of origin, because refugee status determination is a difficult art and requires continued training.
You also need a review phase, a capacity for reviewing errors, in fact and in law. It's very important to catch errors, which may lead to bad decisions and therefore refoulement.
Finally, at the end of the process, there must be a quick removal. The quick removal part of the process is the real disincentive. We are talking very much within the context of Bill C-31. If you have a solid process and a quick removal at the end of that process, you will create a disincentive, which hopefully will take care of the people who want to abuse the system.