No, I'm not aware of any studies. The U.S. and Australia, of course, have the equivalent of eTAs. We do know what we think the impact on Canada of the lack of such a system has been. I cited a Fraser Institute paper that stated it could be in the range of $7 billion. The biggest numbers of tourists or casual travellers we get are from the United States, and the numbers have really declined solidly.
I don't know if you can see this particular chart, which was taken from the Fraser Institute paper, but there's been a steady decline since 2001. It's still much lower than it used to be.
In the case of the United States, probably their main source of tourist travel is Canada. Whether or not it has affected the tourist travel from Europe and Asia and the United States, I don't know, but I'm not aware of any study that has been made of that particular point, Mr. Menegakis.