I think awareness raising and information, and working in schools and colleges, raising these issues at a very early age and changing attitudes and behaviour, as well as making victims aware and having professionals give them training to prevent issues escalating before it becomes a case of forced marriage, are measures that are important. There hasn't been a lot of investment in those measures, generally speaking, in this country. For example, violence against women or harmful practices is not part of the national curriculum.
In the first area of safety and support, a lot of the best measures that have come in concern early intervention. You could prevent forced marriage if you have services that intervene early enough before the situation escalates. Those measures are from minority women's organizations providing direct services within communities. Those, I would say, are the most effective and historically have raised the issue and made the country aware of these problems.
The second area, I think, is around civil law. The forced marriage protection orders, for example, allow victims or third parties to get a court order or injunction to prevent a forced marriage from happening. That's been used quite heavily—far more than people expected—and has been quite effective. I think the shortfall there has been that there aren't enough resources or monitoring of the situation if a victim, for example, goes back and lives at the family home with an injunction. There's no one to monitor them, unless they're under a protection order from social services on the protection register. Otherwise, there is no monitoring.
The third area that I also think is important is the forced marriage guidelines for professional agencies: the police, social services, health, and education. That gives guidance and statutory responsibilities to those bodies on how to tackle forced marriage and outlines their responsibilities. The shortfall there is that these are not being effectively implemented and there aren't proper enforcement procedures in place. If you do have guidelines in place, you should have enforcement mechanisms and monitoring that they're being effective.
The police inspector at the moment is looking at honour-based violence. That's the first inspection I've known around these issues, and there is a need to make sure those things are in place.