I want to thank both of you.
It's refreshing, especially for the study on migration, that you both get it. One of the things we wanted to see was the best practices in other jurisdictions. Both of you have touted those and seen those, specifically in Europe, as Mr. Saunders said.
When I'm listening to you, I hear that easier short-term visa access reduces claims. I've seen that specifically in the South Asian community. Visas have increased, and their asylum claims have decreased. If they see a labour market impact assessment that fits the employment they have, they're able to go into that. They definitely don't seek another pathway when they have a legal pathway. I've seen the very positive effect of that, and a reduction in asylum claims.
As Mr. Saunders said, I think having several members of Parliament go to speak to the Haitian communities in New York and Miami has helped to reduce that Haitian migration pattern. That was about clarifying information. We've seen that it works.
The only ingredient I see lacking, from what I've heard from you, is perhaps the efficiency on processing refugee claims. I think we're still slower at that. We need to do better, so people get the correct information.
Which jurisdictions in Europe have you seen that have done it better, in terms of having a fair process in refugee claims but also doing it efficiently?
Dr. Bradley, if you could answer that first, and then Mr. Saunders next.