Thank you very much, Madam Chair.
Thank you to all the witnesses for their presentations and for the work they do in our communities.
In terms of the differential treatment, embedded racism and explicit racism that exist within IRCC, and therefore in the policies that are associated with it, do you feel that there are any concerns with racism and differential treatment within IRCC policies?
For example, a lot of people get their rejections from IRCC on the basis that it is not believed that they will return to their home country, and when you look at those home countries, you see displayed certain countries that are particularly heightened in terms of that kind of refusal—the African countries, the global south countries.
Do you think embedded racism, as well as implicit and explicit racism, exist in those policies that result in those kinds of outcomes? I'd like to ask all the witnesses that question, please.