Thank you, Mr. Vidal, for your question.
Environmental contamination is a big issue for us, and I touched upon it briefly in the legacy aspect of the barriers.
First, with regard to our communities that have land codes, we have 103 operational land codes and 194 signatories that we deal with, and we're directly or indirectly dealing with 238 first nations, which represent about one-third of all first nations in Canada.
Many of our communities have environmental contamination issues that are preventing development. Not having clean water in some communities, sewage services, power energy problems—all of this is critical infrastructure. There are hundreds of millions of dollars of contamination to the sites that our communities can't develop. I know that a study in 2014, outdated now, estimated $2.6 billion in costs from environmental contamination. Right now in our communities alone, we have over 800 reserve parcels that are contaminated and have a direct effect. These 800 reserve parcels are distracting from the economic development potential that can happen and must happen.
We need cleanup. We need remediation, and we can't have people from off-site coming to try to contaminate further.
We need laws in place, and we need those laws recognized. We have the power to put environmental laws in place. What we need now is enforcement. That is a real, significant issue. If our communities say, “Hey, this site is being contaminated. It's costing us dollars and time and so forth”, we have the power to put in place environmental laws, but we're having problems with governments not helping us enforce them, provincially and federally.
It's a combined issue. It's costing the country and our communities hundreds of millions of dollars, and it's a serious barrier to economic development.