I think that's a very good area or question to explore, and many other countries struggle with a similar question; that is, what are the indicators, what are the metrics you could use?
Where we've ended up is that if you want to get a sense of the effectiveness or usefulness of your investment, you have to look at a basket of indicators—for example, citations per capita. If you're looking at the pure research part, how many of our Canadian researchers get citations? At the other end, how many patents per capita get produced?
The U.K. is going down the same path of having a multiplicity of indicators.
I don't have one specific one, because as you were alluding to, there are a number of inputs.
If you recall, in the context of your study, people from Genome Canada, which the government has been funding quite significantly, have their own set of performance measurements.
So what we prefer to do is look at a basket of indicators and take stock, but there's no equivalent of GDP or inflation, that you measure inflation in the following way. There's no equivalent single metric. I think most OECD countries are working on this.
The last point on that is that I believe—Iain, you were closer to this—the OECD as a secretariat is indeed looking at this, was working on the project factoring in how different countries went about measuring effectiveness of investment. Where are they at?