That is what varies greatly among universities and depends on the negotiations that unions and researchers have had. There is one arrangement at Waterloo University, another at the Université de Sherbrooke, and yet another at the University of Calgary.
In the United Sates, at Stanford University, for example, intellectual property completely belongs to the researchers.The university does not get involved because it gets its investments back indirectly. But it is true that the private sector in the States is much more likely to invest in universities. It really varies a great deal and there is no one national system.
As to dealings with companies, these are partnership agreements. When the government invested in RIM as part of the IRAP-TPC program—I cannot remember when that was—the company had to pay royalties. That is how most partnership projects work in the program that replaced IRAP-TPC, in aeronautics certainly.
In these partnership agreements, the government puts in a certain amount and expects to receive royalties when the program is up and running. That does not happen in all cases.
In fact, if projects were guaranteed to be successful, companies could go to the banks for loans. People come to see us when their project has an element of risk. That is why they pay us when the investment is up on its feet.
To answer Ms. Brunelle's question, I said earlier that a product needs five or six years of investments before it can be put on the market and sold. In the case of MDA, we are talking about a decision made by the government at the end of the 1990s, I believe, and with very specific parameters. So it varies somewhat. Each situation is in some ways a case unto itself.