Thank you for the question. We have to do a combination of things. First, without doubt, we must produce more PhDs here in Canada. For at least 20 years, we have looked overseas for a significant proportion of our PhDs, immigrants with doctorates. They are going to remain a significant source of our advanced degree-holders and we are going to have to be able to compete globally in order to get them. There is global competition for that kind of talent and for those PhDs.
At the same time, we are going to have to develop more talent and train more PhDs here. So we need investment, like scholarships, to encourage more people with the talent and skill to complete a doctorate to do so, often when they are in their 20s, and to make sacrifices in that quite critical stage of their life.
Scholarships are part of the solution, but universities also have to have the means to train these people. That is both a federal and a provincial matter. So it is a combination of things. At the same time, we have to do what we can to attract immigrants.